Synopsis of Renaissance Play, The Roaring Girl

Mary Fitzgerald visits her love Sebastian, dressed as a semester. They were betrothed and something has happened to stop the marriage. Sebastian tells Mary about Moll, whom he's pretending to love to trick his father. Scene 2: Sir Alexander (Sebastian Father) is having guests over. He takes them on a tour of his home and then tells them a story of a man who is in love with a Moll! (Mary and Sebastian were betrothed until his father discovered how low the dowry was, and then he decided not to allow the marriage.Sebastian then pretends to be in eve with Moll to trick his father into letting him marry Mary) A monster†¦ It comes to light that the story is about his own son and Sebastian gets offended and storms out. Sir Alexander then hires Trapdoor to spy on Moll, track her down, and kill her. Act 2: Scene 1: Scenes opens at a group of stores. Here Lagoon is trying to borrow money from Mrs.. Gallop. He pretends to want to sleep with her when really he is using her to get money. (He acts like they have never had the opportunity) We also find out that Lagoon wants to pay Moll for sex†¦ E offers and they agree on a time and place, Gray Inns Fields at 3:00. We have Goshawk who is told a by Mr.. Openwork that he has been seeing a prostitute but sworn to secrecy (Goshawk later in the scene tells his secret because he wants to seduce Mrs.. Openwork) We also see Mrs.. Openwork insult Moll and yell to get out of her store because Moll is considered a where, low class, thief, trash, etc. We also know Moll cross dresses and she pulls a sword on a man who assaulted her at a local tavern. Then Trapdoor approaches Moll and pretends to be her friend, asks to be at her service.They agree to meet at Gray Inns Fields as well between 3:00-4:00. Scene 2: Sebastian is lamenting to himself saying a free man should marry who he wants. His father is hiding in the room and Sebastian sees him but pretends not too. Then Moll and a Porter enter with a Viol. Sebastian then begs Moll for marriage and she states that she is simply too independent to marry. Sir Alexander is dumbfounded. Moll tells him she could possibly love him, but to rethink his proposal, for he could be being too hasty. Then a tailor enters and takes measurements for Molls manly clothing (pants).Moll and Tailor leave and Sir Alexander makes his presence known. He yells at Sebastian for using bad Judgment, he is bewitched, and badmouths Moll saying their marriage would disgrace him. Sebastian defends her saying she is only guilty of having a strong spirit and mingling with male friends. Then Sir Alexander leaves and we hear Sebastian saying how he is using Moll to get Mary. Act 3: Scene 1: Moll meets Lagoon and she takes his money. Then she pulls off her cloak and draws a sword and challenges a duel. She wants to teach him a lesson that not all women are whore's.She says if it were not a sin, women would be better off to sleep tit men, for they lie about it anyway and treat them with disrespec t. They fight and she wins. Lagoon apologizes and leaves. Shortly after, Trapdoor shows (and later he tells Sir Alexander that Moll had met with Sebastian that day) but he doesn't recognize her at first dressed like a man. He then follows Moll. Scene 2: This scene opens with Mrs.. Gallop being somewhat moody and angry before her guests arrive. Mr.. Gallop comes in and asks her if she's pregnant. He unknowingly delivers a love letter from Lagoon (requesting 30 more pounds) Mr..Gallop walks back in and catches her reading the letter. She tears up the letter and to cover up her scheme she tells him that she and Lagoon had a contract to be married, but she thought he was dead. Now he has tracked her down (at the cost of 30 pounds) and wants to marry her. He doesn't want a court battle so agrees to pay Lagoon. Then the guests arrive, they think Mrs.. Gallop is ill and she should lay down, so they leave. Then Lagoon arrives and he falls into the plan (he did not know until he picked up hi nts from Mrs.. Gallop). He then acts angry at the fact not being able to marry her†¦ E says he would marry her no matter what. He takes the 30 pounds and the Gaslight's leave. The scene closes with Lagoon saying women are deceiving. Scene 3: (Sir Alexander acts like Trapdoor owes him money so he can run and talk to him) Scene opens with Trapdoor telling Sir Alexander that he has Moll on the ropes. Trapdoor tells him that Moll meets Sebastian dressed as a man (and says they met that day at three†¦ Moll had once again tricked them) Then we see Sir Dad who is Jack Diapers' father talking about how bad/wild his son is. He tells his plan to hire policeman to arrest Jack, put him in Jail to teach him a lesson.Sir Dad is talking to he two cops (Curtail and Hanger) and they do not realize they are talking to Sir Dad (they insult him to his face and look like fools) The cops go looking for Jack, but Moll and Trapdoor overhear them and warn Jack before they can catch Jack. The cops get angry at Moll, and she's pleased with her ‘good deed'. Act 4: Scene 1: Opens again with Trapdoor bragging that he has Moll. Sir Alexander tries to set Moll up by planting expensive items for her to steal. (Gold Chain, money). They exit and Moll, Mary (both dressed as men) enter with Sebastian. They are talking, Moll tells that she has never initiated (or had) sex?Then Moll sings and later sees the gold chain and diamond. Sebastian then plans to give 40 pound to Moll (maybe to pay for her help? ) Sir Alexander knows who Moll is, but pretends not to know when he enters. And Sebastian covers saying she is a musician and he is paying for her services. Scene 2: This scene opens with Mrs.. Gallop and Mrs.. Openwork talking. Mrs.. Openwork admits to knowing what Goshawk is up to†¦ She says she asked her husband about the affair and she also knows Goshawk wants to date her. Mrs.. Gallop then admits that Lagoon was after her too, but she is finally rid of him as well.Goshawk e nters and offers to try to trap Mr.. Openwork in an affair(? ) They put on masks and Lagoon enters. Then so does Mr.. Openwork. He wants them to take off the masks and she lets him know they are angry (Goshawk doesn't know Mrs.. Openwork told Mr.. Openwork that he told his secret, so he gets really nervous thinking she is going to give him away). Mrs.. Openwork then says for her husband to â€Å"Seek his where† and Mr.. Openwork starts asking who told. No one will tell and he confronts Goshawk, it comes out that Goshawk had told and that everything was a trick to teach him a lesson. Mr.. Openwork had set Goshawk up but now forgives him.Next, Mr.. Gallop enters with Greenest disguised as a Sumner and Lagoon. Lagoon is demanding more money based on Mrs.. Gaslight's lie. Greenest then removes his mask and Mrs.. Gallop tells the truth (and tells that they did not have sex). Lagoon says he was only testing Mrs.. Gallop and was doing it in noble honesty, but says she refused him. L agoon agrees to pay Mr.. Gallop back in full plus interest for what he did. Act 5: Scene 1: Jack Dapper, Moll (dressed as a man) and Sir Beauteous Ganymede enter. Moll tells them that she knows about Trapdoor being a fraud, and Jack says he knows hat he father was the one who sent the cops after him.Then Attract and Trapdoor enter disguised as soldiers (Moll recognizes them) Claimed to have fought in a war that was over 100 years ago. Moll pulls off his patch and reveals him. They still claim to be soldiers and beggars. They give them money. Moll asks Trapdoor if he will still pretend to go along with Sir Alexander plot. Then several structures enter and Moll describes the ways of thieving (busting them), so they leave. Scene 2: Sir Alexander, Goshawk, and Greenest enter. Sir Alexander is still complaining about his son wanting to marry Moll. Sir Guy Fitzgerald enters and aunts him about his son's new choice (? Sir Alexander begs Sir Guy for help, but he is still upset for him not a llowing the marriage to happen in the first place. So Sir Alexander agrees to give up half his estate to get rid of Moll. Then Moll enters it is told that she helped to trick Sir Alexander. Sebastian apologized to his father, Sir Alexander apologized to Mary and Moll states that she did them all a favor. Moll then announces that when gallants are not in fear of being arrested for debt, etc†¦ Then she will marry (in other words, never) Sir Alexander thanks Moll, Trapdoor confesses, and everyone is happy!

Book cover judgments

The term ‘book cover judgments’ bears only negative connotations. It’s widely accepted in the society that a person should analyze and synthesize all the available information before arriving at any decision. People who sometimes make book cover judgments are considered shallow and hypocritical. It’s often deemed to be a sign of narrowness and over-indulged self-opinion. Psychologists struggled to prove that the first impression is frequently the most lasting and important one, yet the society still keeps to the notion that superficial judgments are the greatest evil.Upon careful investigation, it becomes evident that book cover judgments often provide the most relevant and accurate information, being an important way to organize information, which is especially relevant at the dawn of the Information Age. In many cases, book cover judgment can provide the most relevant and accurate information. It’s especially true about making up one’s mind about other people: it’s a well-known fact that the first impression can be formed from brief exposure to another, and it can last for years.It can be proven by one of the new fads, speed-dating, organized by such companies as 8MinuteDating and HurryDate, when people meet with a dozen of people for up to ten minutes and then decide on their potential companions. Its concept rests on a simple belief that a couple of minutes can be plenty of time to understand a person up and judge compatibility. It’s not a top secret that everybody evaluates each other based on immediate intuitions.Scientists are discovering that in many situations our social intuition is indeed astonishing, as we can sometimes collect a considerable amount of information about a person’s nature or abilities in just a few seconds. Initial encounters are emotionally intense events that can overwhelm us, therefore true and accurate judgments can be formed. Book cover judgments are not simple hardwi red reactions, since people are also taught how to judge others, holding our first impressions up to the light of social stereotypes. Implicit attitudes that enter into our calculations are always in place.As a consequence, sometimes book cover judgments are considered synonymous to such words as stereotypes and prejudices. Prejudices and stereotypes are schemes that assist us in comprehending the reality; when reality does not correspond to our prejudice it is easier for our mind to modify our interpretation of reality than to modify the prejudice. Prejudices help us to complement information when we do not posses at the moment. And here it’s of paramount importance to draw a line between these two concepts. From a psychological perspective, stereotypes are simply ways to organize information in your head.Having stereotypes amount to having life experience to build upon. It’s necessary to use stereotypes to draw parallel with other similar cases in the past, to avoid mistakes or use the strong sides of some employees. Stereotypes consist basically in shared beliefs or notions about a certain group or event. A stereotype is a combination of characteristics that sums up this group or event. The goal of stereotypes is to simplify reality. Prejudices, however, are judgements we make about another person or group of people without trying to understand them.They are divided into negative or positive in character, yet negative prejudices prevail. Prejudices often go along with ignorance, fear or hatred. When making judgments about groups of people, book cover judgments aren’t enough. It has been shown already that one can’t do without organizing information without help of stereotypes. This is especially true in the Information Age when people are receiving a huge amount of information every second. Information flows are continuously intensifying, and this tendency is projected to amplify in the future. In the past, people had enough time to allocate to such matters as judging and rethinking.The decline of conventional philosophy at the beginning of the 21st century is the evidence of the diminishing value of in-depth analysis. While this analysis is sometimes performed for a variety of reasons, it’s conspicuously absent from our everyday life. It’s too early to blame modern men for laziness or ignorance – without making book cover judgments, it’s impossible to make sense of all the information we have to process every day. In other words, book cover judgments are necessary for many reasons. First of all, they can quickly provide much information about a certain person just after few minutes of initial contact.Secondly, stereotypes have been proven to be an important way to organize information. Las but not least, book cover judgments are the only option available to the society living in the Information Age. The society should gradually change its negative perception of quick judgments. Psychologists have already started debunking many myths about the psychological mechanism behind making book cover judgments. Instead of trying to diminish the value of this essential psychological tool, people should be trained to handle first impressions effectively and derive maximum information possible from the first seconds of encounter.

Analysis of the Case Study Situation

This report is based on a case study of such a company which is going through a weak financial situation and the shareholders of the company want to sell out the company. This particular report analyzes the situation on the ethical ground. The situation of the company is analyzed based on the fundamental principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behavior. After the discussion, the conclusion is provided based on the findings and at the same time it is also mentioned in the conclusion that which step is ethically and legally suitable for the company for handling this particular situation.   According to the given case study, the company is suffering from such a situation in which the shareholders of the company want to sell out it but the managing director of the company wants to save the company by taking some illegal and unethical steps. The main problem of the company is its slow moving stocks, which are in the inventory for more than nine months. The stocks are already written down but in order to save the company and the employment of many employees, the managing director wants to save the company by selling stocks to the prospective buyers at an inflated stock value. The situation of the finance director is very critical in this situation. In one side, there are the lives of many employees and their families those are dependent on this company. However, on the other side, selling the stocks at an inflated rate and not recording their written down value in the yearend financial records is illegal. If this situation is analyzed on the basis of the fundamental principle of integrity, then it has to be said that the steps suggested by the managing director are not only illegal but also unethical. The principle of integrity suggests that the organizations must maintain the correctness and reliability at the time of preparing the financial records (Warhurst 2015). At the same time, it is also suggested by the principle of integrity that the employees of the organization are responsible for the recordkeeping. Di Pietra (2015) stated that integrity is the choice of the individual. The integrity within a human being et al. shows how much the person is ethical. Therefore, from the integrity point of view, if the written down value of the stocks are not recorded in the yearend record, then it will be unethical. At the same time, if the situation is analyzed with the help of the fundamental principle of objectivity, then also the suggestions of the managing director has to be considered as an unethical suggestion. The principle of objectivity suggests that the financial information and recording need to be independent and unbiased (Oraka and TO 2015). Like the principle of integrity, the principle of objectivity also suggests to maintain the reliable and relevant financial statements. Along with this, it also mentions that in order to identify the authenticity, the financial information of the company can be gathered from various sources. According to Himick et al. (2016), the principles of professional competence and due care suggest that the personnel must use their professional knowledge and skills at the time of providing their services. This principle also states that the professional needs to attain the professional competence and at the same time they need to maintain that also. At the same time, the professional must be careful about their activities because they are responsible to the activities done by them (Wachs 2015). Therefore, from this point of view, it can be said that the finance director of the company must use personal knowledge regarding the recording of stocks. The responsibility of the steps taken will be only on the shoulder of the finance director. Therefore, the finance director must be careful enough at the time of taking any final decision. On the other side, the fundamental principle of confidentiality suggests not to disclose any important information to the third party (who is not directly related to the main business) without having proper verification and appropriate authority (Cooper 2016). At the same time, this particular principle also suggests that any information related to the business should not be used for gaining any personal benefit. Therefore, as per the principle of confidentiality, it can be said that the finance director should not disclose the internal weak situation of the company to the external parties. However, at the same time the finance director must try to make the managing director understand that the suggestions given by he is unethical (Harrison and Van der Laan Smith 2015). Hence, it is the responsibility of the finance director to take ethical decision by maintaining the required confidentiality. The principle of professional behavior states that individuals must obey and act as per the legal or regulatory guidelines of the particular profession (Di Pietra et al. 2015). Along with that, the individuals must try to avoid any kind of action or behavior that shows the discredit in his or her profession (Harrison and Van der Laan Smith 2015). Therefore, if the particular situation is analyzed, then it must be said that the managing director of the company has not maintained the principle of professional behavior. However, the finance director of the company must act as per the principle of professional behavior. This will help to maintain the work ethics and at the same time this will save the finance director from any kind of legal issues.   In the above discussion, it has been identified that the internal financial situation of the particular retail company is not good. The stocks of the company remained unsold for several months and so it became a burden for the company. However, before few months, the company has written down the value of the old stocks. On the other side, by understanding the situation the shareholders of the company want to sale the business but the managing director wants to save the business anyhow.   The suggestions provided by the managing director to the finance director of the company cannot be undertaken as per the fundamental principles of integrity, objectivity, professional behavior, confidentiality and professional confidentiality and due care. However, if the situation is analyzed from all the perspectives, then it must be said that if the company is sold out then many people those are the employee of the organization will be jobless. The families of the employees will face serious problem to survive. On the other side, if the finance director considers the suggestion of the managing director, then also the future of the company will be unsafe and at the same time, this will be a cheat with the shareholders and prospective customers of the company. Apart from these, if the finance director takes the suggestion of the managing director, then that will be also against the professional behavior and ethics. The whole responsibility of the situation will be on the shoulder of the finance director only. Therefore, in such a situation, the finance director of the company must conduct a meeting with the shareholders and managing director and must discuss about the situation in detail. The finance director must state each consequence those will take place if any of the two suggestions provided by managing director and shareholders is taken. If any better idea is not developed then the finance director must act according to the legal and ethical guidelines and in that case, the company must pay some amounts to its employees for the sudden close of the company.  Ã‚   Cooper, S., 2016. Faculty Review of Accounting Principles: A Business Perspective. Di Pietra, R., McLeay, S. and Ronen, J., 2015.  ACCOUNTING & REGULATION. Springer,. Harrison, J.S. and Van der Laan Smith, J., 2015. Responsible accounting for stakeholders.  Journal of Management Studies,  52(7), pp.935-960. Himick, D., Brivot, M. and Henri, J.F., 2016. An ethical perspective on accounting standard setting: Professional and lay-experts’ contribution to GASB’s Pension Project.  Critical Perspectives on Accounting,  36, pp.22-38. Oraka, A.O. and TO, O., 2015. The Impact of Professional Accounting Ethics in Quality Assurance in Audit.  International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,  5(8), pp.64-78. Wachs, M., 2015. Professional Ethics in Planning.  Readings in Planning Theory, p.464. Warhurst, J., 2015. A Study of Ethics for Accounting Students at East Tennessee State University Welfel, E., 2015.  Ethics in counseling & psychotherapy. Cengage Learning.

Trends in Selection Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Zip Codes Comparison 10465 to 10019 - Essay Example The essay "Zip Codes Comparison 10465 to 10019" analyzes the difference in cost of living in New York (zip 10019) and Bronx (zip 10465). New York has a population of about 40,793 people, which is a 9% population change compared to the last statistics since 2009. The Bronx, a county in New York, Northern New Jersey – Long Island Metro Area, with a population of 42,245 people and a 0% population change. NewYork’s cost of living is generally higher than the United States average, with the price tag and charge of the source of revenue being at a percentage of 150%, compared to Bronx cost of living, which is about 50%. In the Bronx, public schools spend an average of $0 per head or student. In the United States, the average school expenditure is about $5,691. The average number of students per teacher in the Bronx is 11.9. This is still the same case in New York, the only difference being that the average students per teacher here is 14.3. In the New York, the unemployment rate is at a percentage of 8.90%, giving a margin of 0.03% to the U.S since the average is 8.60%. The growth of jobs is significant, having an increase of 0.47%, which here all the statistics also match up with Bronx’s. In the Bronx, 69.19% of people are white, 10.77% black, 3.09% Asian, 0.64% native Americans, and 16.31% 'Other'.0.00% of the people in the Bronx are Hispanic. In New York, 69.44% of people are white, 5.57% black, 16.13% Asian, 0.31% native Americans, and 8.55% 'Other'.1.11% of the people in New York are Hispanic.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 131

Summary - Essay Example he normative call in most of the alternative views on representation is that those in office should reflect and respond to the views of those who have elected them. Obviously, answering the question of whether public opinion has a connection to the voting patterns of legislators is important in political science. Myriad studies have looked into the two areas in examining the connection between the two important variables and the article records several authors behind the inquiries. As the article reports, most of them clinch that legislators are indeed reactive to the opinions of the public as they depict a positive correlation between the variables (Butler and Nickerson, 56–57). After a conclusive examination of related literature, the researchers finally choose a methodology fit to investigate the query at hand. The study involves 10,690 New Mexicans who are asked to give their views regarding the Governor’s outlay plans for a unique summer session in 2008’s summer. The survey results, which reflect District-specific opinions, are shared with legislators, who are selected randomly. Findings from the research show that legislators tended to vote in line with the opinions of the members of their constituency (Butler and Nickerson, 72). This then proves that legislators work towards being responsive to the opinions of the public than to their natural states. The results have myriad implications for comprehension as well as improving the manner in which represent the preferences of their constituents. Butler, Daniel M., and David Nickerson. â€Å"Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment.† Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6.1 (2011): 55–83. Web. 5 Oct.

Childrens Literature - Depiction of Fatherhood Essay

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Plagiarism - Article Example Unlike a few years ago, lecturers are today implementing more stringent measures to discourage students from indulging in plagiarism. They making efforts to sensitize students on the dangers associated with plagiarism and the repercussions one risks facing if found plagiarizing. As a result of this, many students in my other classes are vigilant and abide by the rules of plagiarism (Gilmore 73). There are a number of indicators that confirm this assertion. For instance, most lectures insist that students turn in their assignments through Turnitin. The Turnitin system detects any form of plagiarism in a paper and rejects papers that have high percentages of plagiarism. The fact that most students do well in class assignment is an implication that they avoid plagiarism because it is only those assignments forwarded through Turnitin that are marked (Gilmore 73). Despite the fact that stern measures are being implemented to discourage plagiarism amongst students, there are some students who still engage in this act. Such students ought to be punished accordingly because they are undermining the quality of education that has gone down considerably in the past few years. First of all, students who still plagiarize their work in spite of the widespread campaign against the malice should not be awarded marks for their plagiarized assignments. This is because they do not deserve the marks. Culprits should not be left at that. Their cases should be forwarded to the school’s disciplinary committee for further disciplinary actions. They should perhaps be suspended from school for some time (Gilmore 97). The punishment should be universal for students who plagiarize content above fifty percent of the entire assignment. However, percentages below 50% can be treated fairly and perhaps be awarded zero marks but their perpetrators should be exempted from suspension. There have been concerns of whether

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Organisational Structure and Design - Essay Example Nokia is seeking to understand on how to sustain business sustainability in the long term. Introduction Nokia Corporation is an international leader in cellular communications whose products have turned out to be part of a fundamental part of community’s lives around the globe. The corporation’s hi-tech and design novelties have made its trade name among the most acknowledged in the globe. Nokia seeks to regain Smartphone leadership by forming strategic partnerships with Microsoft. The main element of the corporation is to build a new winning mobile ecosystem by partnering with Microsoft. The corporation also seeks to invest in next generation disrupting technologies, bring next billion online in developing growth markets, as well as increase focus on speed, results and accountability. For the corporation to achieve its strategy, it management has to recognize the importance of formulating a strategy on corporate social responsibility. Business sustainability is managin g the triple bottom line in which companies manage their monetary, community and environmental risks duties and opportunities. The three impacts are referred to as people, profits and planet. Business sustainability represents resilience over time, where business can bounce back from shocks as it is connected to environmental, social and healthy economic systems. Business sustainability necessitates that firms adhere to the rules of sustainable development. These are economic efficiency (prosperity and innovation), social equity (health and wellness and poverty) and environmental accountability (biodiversity and climate change). Managers need to understand business sustainability in order to comprehend how businesses can reconcile the need to be socially and environmentally sustainable with demands of a high market based system, whose key dimensions of success are profit and growth. Further, business sustainability helps managers to understand more thoroughly what makes business sta y alive. How organizational sustainability will influence organizational behavior Organization culture is usually viewed as the core reason for the failure of implementing organizational change programs. Whilst tools and techniques fir change strategies exist, scholars assert that failure results because the essential culture of the organization remains the same. Successful implementation of organizational culture for business sustainability may well be largely reliant on the values and ideological underpinnings of an organization’s culture, eventually affecting how corporate sustainability is implemented. The competing values framework of organization culture discusses the connection between business sustainability and organization culture (Schein, 2004, p 54). Competing values framework demonstrates the contending demands within a business on two separate and competing proportions Competing values framework The internal-external dimension reflects whether the organization i s focused on its internal dynamics or the demands of its outside environment. The flexibility-control aspect exhibits managerial preferences for control and coordination formation. Organizations relying on control end of the model tend to lean on official mechanisms of control and coord

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationship - Essay Example It puts us in a category of our own where we see things from the same eyes, even though we are two separate individuals who have their own respective worldviews (Holt 2005). Even though Austin likes to communicate with me on a consistent level, I have always asked him to meet me more than calling me on the phone because I believe our friendship is on such a level that phone calls could just demean us in someway. Hence it is best that we enjoy each other’s company and this can only happen when we meet regularly. Some important things that govern and essentially define our relationship include the respect that we have for our elders and the love and support to our mutual friends and colleagues. Both of us like to interact with kids, which automatically make us people who like to hang around children quite a lot. Austin and I are known to be extroverts which implies for our comprehension that we like to go out more and more, and thus enjoy the festivities of eating out, partying by the beach as well as a range of other fun-filled activities (Azzarone 2003). We sincerely love the feeling of being close to one another because this is how we view life in its own meticulous way. It also makes us enjoy the world around us together. These important aspects developed with the passage of time as we started knowing each other more and thus we found out that our common traits were very uncommon amongst the people around us. The exceptional two that we were actually made us feel good about our own selves, which strengthened our friendship all the same. Our relationship is more supportive than being defensive at any point in time. This is because we understand each other quite well and it makes our lives easier in contrast to how other best friends live their lives. Our relationship has blossomed with the passage of time and I cannot recall a single instance where we ended up arguing between our selves. I believe this is because both of us respect one another and look up to our unity for the help and assistance that we so may require. Our relationship has thus become a potent force because our trust levels have been tied to who we are and how we view our friendship (White 2002). Some of the specific factors that contribute to the situations which take place on a day to day level comprise of our interaction with the people around us. We both believe in giving our best when it comes to our elders, since we respect them a lot. We always make an effort to help the underprivileged and needy around us, which is something that I and Austin gain satisfaction from. If ever there was a conflict between me and Austin, we would resolve it amicably. This is because both of us believe in keeping away from conflicts and rifts. Fortunately, we have never had a fight as yet which gives us the edge to understand each other better. This is one way to know how much respect I hold for Austin and likewise (Costley 2007). We may have difference of opinions but this has never transpired into conflicts and hence the duration is of no use as far as its mention is concerned. The strategies that we use to resolve conflict would essentially take into perspective listening to one another and giving the other individual the much needed space so that he can think through things and get back. It is an important consideration and both I and Austin are well aware of that. I believe these methods have been quite satisfactory as conflicts are something that can literally mar the basis of any

My favourite movie Essay Example for Free

My favourite movie Essay List of Grand Theft Auto Vice City Cheat Codes (PC) Weapon/Health Vice City cheats aspirine Max health canttakeitanymore Suicide thugstools Thug Weapons professionaltools Professional weapons nuttertools Heavy weapons preciousprotection Full armor youwonttakemealive Increase wanted level leavemealone Decrease wanted level Ads Anger Management in HDTataSky.com/Buy-NowBuy Tata Sky+ HD Never Miss The Latest Episode of Anger Management Download Gta Vice CityPlayOnlineGames.Inbox.comFast Access To 1,000s Of Games. Free, High Quality Flash Favorites! Gaadi.com No.1 Car Sitewww. gaadi.comIndias Leading Auto Portal. Review, Buy, Sell Your Car Now! Vehicle Vice City Cheats bigbang Destroy all cars wheelsareallineed Strip cars comeflywithme Flying dodo car greenlight All traffic lights are green miamitraffic Traffic moves faster travelinstyle Flying car panzer Spawn a tank thelastride Spawn a hearse rockandrollcar Spawn a limo rubbishcar Spawn a garbage truck gettherefast Spawn a sabre turbo betterthanwalking Spwan a caddy gettherequickly Fast car getthereveryfastindeed Faster car getthereamazinglyfast Fastest car iwantitpaintedblack Black traffic seaways Cars float on water gripiseverything Improved car handling ahairdresserscar Pink cars loadsoflittlethings Change wheel size General Game Play/Character Vice City Cheats apleasantday Nice weather alovelyday Great weather abitdrieg Cloudy weather catsanddogs Rain cantseeathing Fog lifeispassingmeby Speed up game stilllikedressingup Change pedestrian clothes fightfightfight Pedestrian riot nobodylikesme Pedestrians attack you ourgodgivenrighttobeararms Pedestrians have weapons onspeed Walk faster booooooring Walk Slower chickswithguns Bikini women with guns chasestat See wanted stats fannymagnet Tommy groupies certaindeath Tommy starts smoking deepfriedmarsbars Tommy is fatter programmer Tommy has thing arms and legs hopingirl Pedestrians get in your car cheatshavebeencracked Play as Ricardo Diaz looklikelance Play as Lance Vance mysonisalawyer Play as Ken Rosenberg looklikehilary Play as Hilary King rockandrollman Play as Love Fist character (Jezz Torent) weloveourdick Play as Love Fist character (Dick) onearmedbandit Play as Phil Cassidy idonthavethemoneysonny Play as Sonny Forelli foxylittlething Play as Mercedes http://menujupejwan.blogspot.in/2013/05/nfl-pro-2013-v149-apk-data.html

The Early Explorers Journals Essay Example for Free

The Early Explorers Journals Essay Christopher Columbus and Samuel de Champlain were two of the most influential explorers in the history of the Americas. Columbus discovered the area near Caribbean Islands while Champlain explored the St. Lawrence Seaway. Their journals were very similar in the way they described what the two explorers saw. Yet they have some differences as well. There are some small differences that these two works carry. Columbus starts out each entry with the day that it began on. Like in the following passage, Monday Nov. 12th. They sailed from the port of the river (114). Champlain did not do it this way he simply stated facts from day to day. The way he writes it is like he is telling a story while Columbus is giving detailed information. The reason this was done may have something to do with the rulers that these two men were under. Columbus had to keep a detailed record for the ruler of Spain at the time. Champlain may not have had to do this being as Jacques Cartier had led an expedition through the same area for the French a few years earlier. The background of these two explorers definitely showed up in these journals. The two different time periods that Columbus and Champlain lived in also had an effect on their style of writing. Columbus expedition was around the time of 1492-1493, while Champlains was almost two hundred years later in 1608-1612. Columbus had to deal with a lot of natives in the West Indies that could not speak their native language. These natives also looked as the men of Columbus crew as gods sent from heaven. Champlain did not have it so easy. He had to deal with the Native American tribes of the great lakes area. These tribes, such as the Iroquois and the Huron, were sometimes not the best people to have to deal with. The Iroquois especially were not very friendly to the members of Champlains group. They were enemies of the Huron and the Huron were allies of the French. Before Champlain had to do battle with the Iroquois Columbus was worshiped by the natives of what is now present-day Cuba. He was able to give them glass beads in exchange for some very important items for his expedition. He was  able to get water and spices for the small glass beads. He was of course looking for what every Spanish explorer who sought out the natives of present day South America was looking for, gold. These two different journals were not all different however. They did have some similarities. In fact they have more in common than they have different from each other. The way nature is described in each journal is very similar. Columbus uses a very poetic style to describe the flora and fauna that he saw on his travels. Columbus describes the birds and trees that he sees in the tropical region very eloquently. Champlain uses this style as well to describe the nature that he saw along the St. Lawrence. He uses the same style in describing the forests and the deer that he encountered on his trip. This is just one of the many similarities that each journal has though. Besides the obvious comparison of sharing chronological time they share a same purpose. They were both meant to tell of their journeys. They tell them in a different way, but regardless they still tell of them. Columbus tells of his journeys through the Americas so that we may have an understanding of what he and his crew did during 1492. Champlain kept his for basically the same reason. These stories obviously became and vital piece of history. These stories also had another aspect in common; each man shared in some kind of a hardship. Columbus, in the Narrative of the Third Voyage talks about having a hard time getting to America. Champlain had an even rougher time in his second story. Champlain talks about being lost in the woods after hunting a bird that he followed. He gets lost and has to go through quite an ordeal to get back. Columbus also had many hardships to go through. He describes being stuck in a terrible place to be caught while sailing. The place he describes has not very much wind, it was very hot, and full of seaweed. These two definitely went through some tough times. Samuel de Champlain and Christopher Columbus wrote two very spectacular journals. They kept them perfectly and help the world see what exactly they  went through in their travels. Each of these men was an obviously very important figure, without Columbus who knows what would have happened in the Americas. Champlain also helped chart the area around the great lakes that was dominated by Native Americans at the time. Their journals should obviously be considered a vital piece of American Literature.

Tourist motivation

Tourist motivation Tourist motivation is seen by many writers as one of the key elements in understanding tourist decision-making behaviour. A sound understanding of travel motivation plays a critical role in predicting future travel pattern. The big answer to the basic question, why do people travel? has occupied the minds of tourist researchers for many years. Various methods have been employed to uncover travel motives. The following literature will shed light on various theories that can be used to have a knowledge why people travel to urban destination. Tourist motivation can be defined as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998). Put simply, motivation is a state of arousal of a drive or need which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the need subsides and the individual returns to the equilibrium-but only briefly because new motives arise as the last one is satisfied. As cited in Seaton (1997) motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he cannot find inside have been largely created by society and shaped by everyday life. Grays (1979) travel-motivation theory, poses only two main motives for travel. One is the desire to go from a known to an unknown place, called in Grays theory wanderlust. The other motive is what Grays called sunlust. This generates a trip to a place which can provide the traveler with specific facilities t hat do not exist in his or her own place of residence. Some of the motives which determine their travel choices are recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping. According to the push and pull concept, Crompton (1979), push factors explains the desire for travel while the pull motives have been used to explain the actual destination choice.   Nine motivations of leisure travelers were identified and classified seven as socio-psychological or push motives and two as cultural or pull motives. The seven push motives were, escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction. The pull motives were novelty and education. Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types: tension-reducing motives; arousal-seeking motives. According to Maslow, there are five needs forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. At the bottom are the basic needs for food, water and air. Then, above them is the need for safety, security, and protection. Maslow argued that if the lower needs are fulfilled the individual would be motivated by needs of the next level of the hierarchy. Cooper et al (2005) criticises Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five needs remain unclear, although Page (2003) feels that it has relevance in understanding how human action is understandable and predictable compared to research which argues that human behaviour is essentially irrational and unpredictable. Though much criticism about Maslows theory, the tourism industry has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labeled and provide a useful framework for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, although the apparent purpose of a trip may be for shopping, the underlying psychological motivation may be to impress their neighbours and gain higher social status. Iso-Ahola (1982) says that tourists will switch roles while on holiday, and that over time different needs will arise. Single motivation may not always act as the determining factor for travel. If within the holiday, the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might emerge. Indeed, it is congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if initially there is a primary need for relaxation while on a holiday, the satisfaction of that need will create awareness of other needs such as exploration of place as a means of acquiring a sense of belonging or to enable processes of self-actualisation to take place. Dann (1981) has identified seven elements of tourist motivations: travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired; destination pull in response to motivational push; motivation as fantasy(engage in behaviour and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their home environment like prostitution and gambling); motivation as classified purpose(VFRs); motivational typologies; motivation and tourist experiences; motivation as auto-definition and meaning (the way in which tourist define their situations and respond to them).[Page Connell,2003]. P.Pearce (1988) as cited in Ryan (1997) lists five travel motivations which he calls travel career ladder where tourists develop varying motivations of relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and development, fulfillment. In Pearces model, the motivations listed can be divided into two categories. The needs may be self-centered or directed at others. Thus, for example, relaxation may be a solo exercise where the holiday-maker seeks a quiet restful time alone or it can be relaxation in the company of others, springing from the need for external excitement and desire for novelty. Stimulation can be self-directed which springs from the concern for own safety, or it can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety. Relationship can be self-directed which means giving love and affection and maintaining relationships, or it can be directed at others which means receiving affection, to be with group membership. Self-esteem and development maybe self-dire cted like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, or it may be directed at others like prestige, glamour of travelling. Fulfilment is totally self-directed as it fulfils individual dreams, understands oneself more and experience inner peace and harmony. There are some criticisms against Pearces travel motivations. For example, Pearce argues that stimulation may be understood along a dimension of risk and safety of self or others. However, it might be argued that there is a real and distinctive difference between these two motivations. Cohen (1972) as cited in Shaw Williams (2002), draws attention to the fact that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same time, most also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity can in turn be used to derive a typology. Cohen distinguished tourist using sociological principles into organised mass tourist, individual mass tourists, explorer and drifter. They feel that it is not based on any empirical data. In addition, these groups were also differentiated along the lines of contact with the tourist industry, with mass tourists being termed institutionalised and the more individualistic tourist being regarded as non-institutionalised. Smith (1977) provided a more detailed variant of Cohens tourist typologies. Smith (1977) identifies 7 categories of tourist who have been termed as interactional typologies: explorer, elite, off-beat, unusual, incipient mass, mass, and charter. Shaw Williams (2002) opines that Plogs typology is based on asking tourists about their real general lifestyles or value systems, often using perceptual information derived from interviews. Plogs (1987) typology can be used to examine tourist motivations as well as attitudes to particular destinations and modes of travel. In terms of the latter, a tourist typology developed for the American Express (1989) has categorised travellers as: adventurers, worriers, dreamers, economisers and indulgers- all of whom viewed their travel experiences in different ways.

lisence to kill :: essays research papers

License to Kill Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. You are going to leave and go home, but you friends won't let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they call a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becoming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalities t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twenty-five thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injuries. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contribute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On aver age a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in an alcohol related accident before and have no prior convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bystanders is unexaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers victims are the drivers themselves, their often passengers, and the drunken pedestrians and cyclists. Despite this drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact it is said that about 40 % of the population will be involved in a alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among y oung people, accounting for 20% of all deaths from ages 15 to 20. Drunk driving is such a hard thing to overcome though. In our society alcohol is overwhelmingly accepted as a facilitator of sociable interaction, and the great majority of adults drink. But steps a re being taken and the numbers of deaths are declining. Alcohol-related traffic fatalities have been decreasing lately. As a proportion of all traffic fatalities it has been decreased since 1999. In fact since 1999 the number of alcohol related traffic fatalities has decreased 30%, from 25,165 to 17,699, while alcohol-related traffic fatalities, as a proportion of all traffic fatalities, decreased from 57% to 45%.

Free Catch-22 Essays: A War Comedy :: Catch-22

Catch-22 - A Comedy    The novel, Catch-22, is a comedy about soldiers during World War II. However, this comic scenes and phrases are quite tragic when they are thought about, as most things related to war are, which makes this comedy completely absurd. The best way to represent this idea is through the characters in the book, specifically, Yossarian, Huple, and Nately’s whore’s kid sister and the events that occur with their thoughts and their actions. Clearly, the main character and one whose life is chiefly described, is Yossarian. Yossarian has a slightly sick sense of humor and way of looking at things. In the first chapter, Heller tells us that letters sent by the soldiers had to be reviewed in order to prevent any secret information going out to the public, or, even worse, to the enemy. Yossarian, from lack of anything better to do, censors all the letters. Sometimes he crosses out everything but a, an and the, sometimes adjectives, whatever he feels like that day. For his final gag h e signs these letters as Washington Irving to totally confuse the readers of these letters. This is funny, however it is ultimately tragic. These are the letters that every wife, mother and daughter runs to the mailbox for in order to see that their husbands, fathers and sons are all right. This is a letter that could say: â€Å"Honey, I’m coming home†, or â€Å"I love you. When I come home I want to marry you.† These letters could change the whole lifestyle of so many people and Yossarian alone is tampering with them. The absurdity of that is immense. A gag of slightly higher consequence occurred in Chapter 12, when Yossarian decided to move the bomb line over Bologna. What I believe is the most ridiculous in the whole process was his reason for doing it. Everyone did not want to go on this mission to capture Bologna. They prayed the rain would never go away, or that the bomb line would mysteriously move, anything just mot to go on this mission. Clevinger, in d isbelief at the stupidity of these men, tells Yossarian: â€Å"They really believe that we wouldn’t have to fly that mission tomorrow if someone would only tiptoe up to the map in the middle of the night and move the bomb line over Bologna. Can you imagine?† So Yossarian figures â€Å"Why not?

The Devlopment of Modern Africa Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Development of Modern Africa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are over 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and the wealth of natural resources and the prevalence of wealth in the northern segments of Africa have led many to speculate about the equity and economic development in the sub-Sahara. Unfortunately, the progression of economic, political and social factors in this region have done little to improve the overall conditions, and have instead demonstrated a consistent bias towards the government and the social elites that has impacted the chances of successful development in the region. Since the end of World War II, changes in the infrastructure, the political forces, and in the capacity for collective action in many of these countries has underscored what some have described as the â€Å"Africa crisis† (Stryker, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major issues that still remain in this region is the history of development in the sub-Sahara, generally traced back to the history of British rule, and the relinquishing of colonial control which led to greater regionalization. But there was little in place in terms of expansion planning or economic development in the period following the end of the Second World War, and it can be argued that the struggle for economic development is linked to existing and maintained inequities, based both on social conditioning and political control, that has weakened the agrarian force and impacted the development of industrialization. During the 1980s, when many countries through out the world were experiencing the successful pull away from years of recession, the countries of the African sub-Sahara were not impacted by this positive transformation, and instead, it was posited that the decline in economic conditions would result in years of continued recession (Stryker, 1986). A number of theorists have attributed this crisis to different components of the politics, the economic base, and the social perspectives, as well as basic problems like the lowest world-wide life expectancy, lowest nutritional and literacy rates, lack of access to medical care, safe water supplies, and support services, and high population growth coupled by the highest infant mortality rates in the world (Stryker, 1986). It has been recognized that of the 40-50 poorest counties of the world, most (2/3) are located in the sub-Saha... ...ility, the perception that reforms could somehow promote a major transformation within the varied communities of the sub-Sahara placed too great an emphasis on the process of development and too little emphasis on the impact that the division itself would have on existing communities. Bibliography Berry, Sara (1992, Summer). Hegemony on a shoestring: indirect rule and access to agricultural land. Africa, v62 n3, pp. 327(29). Gyimah-Brempong, Kwabena (1992, May). Do African governments favor defense in budgeting? Journal of Peace Research, v29 n2, pp. 191(16). Jaycox, Edward (1993, March). Structural adjustment spurs African development. Africa News, v38 n2-3, pp. 14(1). Lonsdale, J.M. (1970). Nationalism and Traditionalism in East Africa. in Collins, R., Ed. Problems in the History of Colonial Africa, 1860-1960. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Seitz, Steven (1991, January-April). The military in black African politics. Journal of Asian and African Studies, v26 n1-2, pp. 61(15). Stryker, Richard (1986). Poverty, inequality, and development choices in contemporary Africa. in Martin, P. and O’Meara, P., Eds. Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

English Renaissance Drama Essay

English Renaissance drama grew out of the established Medieval tradition of the mystery and morality plays. These public spectacles focused on religious subjects and were generally enacted by either choristers and monks, or a town’s tradesmen (as later seen lovingly memorialized by Shakespeare’s ‘mechanicals’ in A Midsummer Night’s Dream). At the end of the fifteenth century, a new type of play appeared. These short plays and revels were performed at noble households and at court, especially at holiday times. These short entertainments, called â€Å"Interludes†, started the move away from the didactic nature of the earlier plays toward purely secular plays, and often added more comedy than was present in the medieval predecessors. Since most of these holiday revels were not documented and play texts have disappeared and been destroyed, the actual dating of the transition is difficult. The first extant purely secular play, Henry Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucres, was performed at the household of Cardinal Morton, where the young Thomas More was serving as a page. Early Tudor interludes soon grew more elaborate, incorporating music and dance, and some, especially those by John Heywood, were heavily influenced by French farce. Not only were plays shifting emphasis from teaching to entertaining, they were also slowly changing focus from the religious towards the political. John Skelton’s Magnyfycence (1515), for example, while on the face of it resembling the medieval allegory plays with its characters of Virtues and Vices, was a political satire against Cardinal Wolsey. Magnyfycence was so incendiary that Skelton had to move into the sanctuary of Westminster to escape the wrath of Wolsey. The first history plays were written in the 1530’s, the most notable of which was John Bale’s King Johan. While it considered matters of morality and religion, these were handled in the light of the Reformation. These plays set the precedent of presenting history in the dramatic medium and laid the foundation for what would later be elevated by Marlowe and Shakespeare into the English History Play, or Chronicle Play, in the latter part of the century. Not only was the Reformation taking hold in England, but the winds of Classical Humanism were sweeping in from the Continent. Interest grew in the classics and the plays of classical antiquity, especially in the universities. Latin texts were being â€Å"Englysshed† and latin poetry and plays began to be adapted into English plays. In 1553, a schoolmaster named Nicholas Udall wrote an English comedy titled â€Å"Ralph Roister Doister† based on the traditional Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence. The play was the first to introduce the Latin character type miles gloriosus (â€Å"braggart soldier†) into English plays, honed to perfection later by Shakespeare in the character of Falstaff. Around the same time at Cambridge, the comedy â€Å"Gammer Gurton’s Needle†, possibly by William Stevens of Christ’s College, was amusing the students. It paid closer attention to the structure of the Latin plays and was the first to adopt the five-act division. Writers were also developing English tragedies for the first time, influenced by Greek and Latin writers. Among the first forays into English tragedy were Richard Edwards’ Damon and Pythias (1564) and John Pickering’s New Interlude of Vice Containing the History of Horestes (1567). The most influential writer of classical tragedies, however, was the Roman playwright Seneca, whose works were translated into English by Jasper Heywood, son of playwright John Heywood, in 1589. Seneca’s plays incorporated rhetorical speeches, blood and violence, and often ghosts; components which were to figure prominently in both Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. The first prominent English tragedy in the Senecan mould was Gorboduc (1561), written by two lawyers, Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton, at the Inns of Court (schools of law). Apart from following Senecan conventions and structure, the play is most important as the first English play to be in blank verse. Blank verse, non-rhyming lines in iambic pentameter, was introduced into English literature by sonneteers Wyatt and Surrey in the 1530’s. Its use in a work of dramatic literature paved the way for â€Å"Marlowe’s mighty line† and the exquisite poetry of Shakespeare’s dramatic verse. With a new ruler on the throne, Queen Elizabeth I, who enjoyed and encouraged the theatrical arts, the stage was set for the body of dramatic  literature we today call Elizabethan Drama. The Social and Political Climate In 1600, the city of London had a population of 245,000 people, twice the size of Paris or Amsterdam. Playwriting was the least personal form of writing, but clearly the most profitable for literary men since the demand was so great: 15,000 people attended the playhouses weekly. What is often exploited in the plays is the tension between a Court culture and a commercial culture, which in turn reflected the tension between the City government and the Crown. The period from 1576 (date of the first public theatre in London) to 1642 (date that the Puritans closed the theatres) is unparalleled in its output and quality of literature in English. The monarchy rested on two claims: that it was of divine origin and that it governed by consent of the people. The period was one of great transition. This period of history is generally regarded as the English Renaissance, which took place approximately 100 years later than on the continent. The period also coincides with the Reformation, and the two eras are of course mutually related. Imposed upon the Elizabethans was a social hierarchy of order and degree—very much medieval concepts that existed more in form than in substance. The society of Shakespeare’s time had in many ways broken free of these rigidities. It was not that people were rejecting the past; rather, a new more rigid order was replacing the old. This was set into motion during Henry VIII’s reign in the 1530s when he assumed more power than had hitherto been known to the monarchy. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 gave to Henry the power of the Church as well as temporal power. By Shakespeare’s time the state had asserted its right in attempting to gain authority in secular and spiritual matters alike. The so-called â€Å"Tudor myth† had sought to justify actions by the crown, and selections for the monarchy, as God-sanctioned: to thwart those decisions was to sin, because these people were selected by God. The population of the City quadrupled from Henry VIII’s reign to the end of Shakespeare’s life (1616), thus adding to the necessity for civil control and law. The dissolution of the monasteries had caused much civil unrest, and the dispossessed monks and nuns had been forced to enter the work force. Thus the employment, or unemployment, problem was severe. Puritanism, which first emerged early in Elizabeth’s reign, was a minority force of churchmen, Members of Parliament, and others who felt that the Anglican Reformation had stopped short of its goal. Puritans used the Bible as a guide to conduct, not simply to faith, but to political and social life, and since they could read it in their own language, it took on for them a greater importance than it had ever held. They stressed particularly the idea of remembering the Sabbath day. The conflict between the Puritans and the â€Å"players† of the theatre—who performed for the larger crowds that would turn out for productions on the Sabbath—was established early. The Elizabethan Worldview The English Renaissance began with the importation of Italian art and philosophy, Humanism, during the reign of Henry VIII. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, imported and translated classical writings, such as Virgil’s Aeneid, the first English work to use Blank Verse. Surrey and Sir Thomas Wyatt in their sonnets also imitated classical writers such as Petrarch, and are credited as â€Å"Fathers of the English Sonnet.† While the â€Å"Great Chain of Being† (an idea suggested from antiquity; all that exists is in a created order, from the lowest possible grade to perfection, God Himself) was still asserted, the opposite, the reality of disorder, was just as prevalent. Not surprisingly, a favorite metaphor in Shakespeare’s works is the world upside down, much as Hamlet presents. The analogical mode was the prevailing intellectual concept for the era, which was inherited from the Middle Ages: the analogical habit of mind, with its correspondences, hierarchies, and microcosmic-macrocosmic relationships,  survived from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Levels of existence, including human and cosmic, were habitually correlated, and correspondences and resemblances were perceived everywhere. Man was a mediator between himself and the universe. An â€Å"analogy of being† likened man to God; however, the Reformation sought to change this view, emphasizing man’s fallen nature and darkness of reason. The analogy can be seen in the London theatre, correlating the disparate planes of earth (the stage), hell (the cellarage), and heaven (the â€Å"heavens,† projecting above the top of the stage). Degree, priority, and place were afforded all elements, depending on their distance from perfection, God. Because he possessed both soul and body, man had a unique place in the chain—the extremes of human potential are everywhere evident in the drama of the English Renaissance. Natural degeneration, in contrast to our optimistic idea of progress, was everywhere in evidence too—the primitive Edenic â€Å"golden age† was irrecoverable, and the predicted end of the world was imminent. With changes in the ways that man looked at his universe, disturbing discoveries suggested mutability and corruption: the terrifying effect of new stars, comets, etc., added to a pessimism that anticipated signs of decay as apocalyptic portents of approaching universal dissolution. Hierarchically, the human soul was threefold: the highest, or rational soul, which man on earth possessed uniquely; the sensual, or appetitive soul, which man shared with lower animals; and the lowest, or vegetative (vegetable; nutritive) soul, concerned mainly with reproduction and growth. The soul was facilitated in its work by the body’s three main organs, liver, heart, and brain: the liver served the soul’s vegetal, the heart its vital, and the brain its animal faculties—motive, principal virtues, etc. Man himself was formed by a natural combination of the four elements: the dull elements of earth and water—both tending to fall to the center of the universe—and air and fire—both tending to rise. When the elements mixed they shaped man’s temperament. Each element possessed two of the four primary qualities which combined into a â€Å"humour† or human temperament: earth (cold and dry: melancholy), water (cold and moist: phlegmatic); air (hot and  moist: sanguine); fire (hot and dry: choleric). Like his soul and his humours, man’s body possessed cosmic affinities: the brain with the Moon; the liver with the planet Jupiter; the spleen with the planet Saturn. Assigned to each of the stars and the sphere of fixed stars was a hierarchy of incorporeal spirits, angels or daemons. On earth, the fallen angels and Satan, along with such occult forces as witches, continued to tempt man and lead him on to sin. Familiar to Shakespeare and his contemporaries were the Aristotelian four causes: the final cause, or purpose or end for which a change is made; the efficient cause, or that by which some change is made; the material cause, or that in which a change is made; and formal cause, or that into which something is changed. Renaissance concern with causation may be seen in Polonius’ laboring of the efficient â€Å"cause† of Hamlet’s madness, â€Å"For this effect defective comes by cause† (2.2.101-03). In the Aristotelian view, change involves a unity between potential matter and actualized form. Change is thus a process of becoming, affected by a cause which acts determinately towards a goal to produce a result. Implicit in the Elizabethan worldview was the Aristotelian idea of causation as encompassing potentiality and act, matter and mind. The London dramatist’s pre-Cartesian universe, indeed, tended to retain a sense of the purposefulness of natural objects and their place in the divine scheme. Towards the mid-seventeenth century a major cleft between the medieval-Renaissance world-view and the modern world view took place, effected by Renee Descartes (1596-1650). Cartesian dualism separated off mind from matter, and soul from body—not a new idea, but reformulated so that the theologians’ doctrines became the philosophers’; the problems of Predestination were suddenly the problems of Determinism. For Descartes, all nature was to be explained as either thought or extension; hence, the mind became a purely thinking substance, the body a soulless mechanical system. Descartes’ philosophy held that one can know only one’s  own clear and distinct ideas. Objects are important only insofar as man brings his own judgments to bear upon them. Cartesian skepticism and subjectivism led to the rejection of the previous centuries’ Aristotelian perspectives, as meaningless or obscure. According to Aristotle, to know the cause of things was to know their nature. For the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, objects influenced each other through mutual affinities and antipathies. Elizabethans accepted the correspondences of sympathies and antipathies in nature, including a homeopathic notion that â€Å"like cures like.† Well into the seventeenth century, alchemical, hermetical, astrological, and other pre-scientific beliefs continued to exert, even on the minds of distinguished scientists, a discernible influence. Concerned with the need to believe, in an age of incipient doubt, theatre audiences often witnessed in tragedies such struggles to sustain belief: Hamlet has a need to trust the Ghost; Lear has a wracked concern for heavenly powers; and Othello feels a desperate necessity to preserve his belief in Desdemona—†when I love thee not, / Chaos is come again† (3.3.92-3). For Othello and Lear, belief is sanity. Theologically, in the later sixteenth century, divine providence seemed increasingly to be questioned, or at least to be regarded as more bafflingly inscrutable. The medieval sense of security was in a process of transformation. Those changes coincided with such circumstances as the Renaissance revival of Epicureanism, which stressed the indifference of the powers above to man’s concerns. In its place was a special personal power, which was emphasized in the works of Machiavelli (1469-1527) and other Renaissance writers. Such changes in the relations of man and his deity inevitably provided a climate for tragedy, wherein both divine justice (as in King Lear) and meaningful action (as in Hamlet) seemed equally unattainable. Lear appears to question the forces above man’s life, and Hamlet the powers beyond his death. Hamlet’s task is further complicated, for example, by his meaningless  quest for action—from a Reformation standpoint—of works toward salvation. The path to salvation, of great concern to most Elizabethans, was not through works or merit but by inscrutable divine election. The post-Reformation man, alienated from the objective structure of the traditional Church, as well as from the release of the confessional, with a burdened and isolated conscience, turned his guilt inward. The Renaissance epistemological crisis emphasized the notion of the relativity of perception, present in the appearance-versus-reality motif recurrent through Renaissance drama. The Renaissance dramatists’ works mark a transition between absolute natural law bestowed by God, and relativistic natural law, recognized by man. The Playhouses The old Medieval stage of â€Å"place-and-scaffolds,† still in use in Scotland in the early sixteenth century, had fallen into disuse; the kind of temporary stage that was dominant in England about 1575 was the booth stage of the marketplace—a small rectangular stage mounted on trestles or barrels and â€Å"open† in the sense of being surrounded by spectators on three sides. The stage proper of the booth stage generally measured from 15 to 25 ft. in width and from 10 to 15 ft. in depth; its height above the ground averaged a bout 5 ft. 6 in., with extremes ranging as low as 4 ft. and as high as 8 ft.; and it was backed by a cloth-covered booth, usually open at the top, which served as a tiring-house (short for â€Å"attiring house,† where the actors dressed). In the England of 1575 there were two kinds of buildings, designed for functions other than the acting of plays, which were adapted by the players as temporary outdoor playhouses: the animal-baiting rings or â€Å"game houses† (e.g. Bear Garden) and the inns. Presumably, a booth stage was set up against a wall at one side of the yard, with the audience standing in the yard surrounding the stage on three sides. Out of these â€Å"natural† playhouses  grew two major classes of permanent Elizabethan playhouse, â€Å"public† and â€Å"private.† In general, the public playhouses were large outdoor theatres, whereas the private playhouses were smaller indoor theatres. The maximum capacity of a typical public playhouse (e.g., the Swan) was about 3,000 spectators; that of a typical private playhouse (e.g., the Second Blackfriars), about 700 spectators. At the public playhouses the majority of spectators were â€Å"groundlings† who stood in the dirt yard for a penny; the remainder were sitting in galleries and boxes for two pence or more. At the private playhouses all spectators were seated (in pit, galleries, and boxes) and paid sixpence or more. In the beginning, the private playhouses were used exclusively by Boys’ companies, but this distinction disappeared about 1609 when the King’s Men, in residence at the Globe in the summer, began using the Blackfriars in winter. Originally the private playhouses were found only within the City of London (the Paul’s Playhouse, the First and Second Blackfriars), the public playhouses only in the suburbs (the Theatre, the Curtain, the Rose, the Globe, the Fortune, the Red Bull); but this distinction disappeared about 1606 with the opening of the Whitefriars Playhouse to the west of Ludgate. Public-theatre audiences, though socially heterogeneous, were drawn mainly from the lower classes—a situation that has caused modern scholars to refer to the public-theatre audiences as â€Å"popular†; whereas private-theatre audiences tended to consist of gentlemen (those who were university educated) and nobility; â€Å"select† is the word most usually opposed to â€Å"popular† in this respect. James Burbage, father to the famous actor Richard Burbage of Shakespeare’s company, built the first permanent theatre in London, the Theatre, in 1576. He probably merely adapted the form of the baiting-house to theatrical needs. To do so he built a large round structure very much like a baiting-house but with five major innovations in the received form. First, he paved the ring with brick or stone, thus paving the pit into a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"yard.† Second, Burbage erected a stage in the yard—his model was the booth stage of the marketplace, larger than used before, with posts rather than trestles. Third, he erected a permanent tiring-house in place of the booth. Here his chief model was the passage screens of the Tudor domestic hall. They were modified to withstand the weather by the insertion of doors in the doorways. Presumably the tiring-house, as a permanent structure, was inset into the frame of the playhouse rather than, as in the older temporary situation of the booth stage, set up against the frame of a baiting-house. The gallery over the tiring-house (presumably divided into boxes) was capable of serving variously as a â€Å"Lord’s room† for privileged or high-paying spectators, as a music-room, and as a station for the occasional performance of action â€Å"above† as, for example, Juliet’s balcony. Fourth, Burbage built a â€Å"cover† over the rear part of the stage, called â€Å"the Heavens†, supported by posts rising from the yard and surmounted by a â€Å"hut.† And fifth, Burbage added a third gallery to the frame. The theory of origin and development suggested in the preceding accords with our chief pictorial source of information about the Elizabethan stage, the â€Å"De Witt† drawing of the interior of the Swan Playhouse (c. 1596). It seems likely that most of the round public playhouses—specifically, the Theatre (1576), the Swan (1595), the First Globe (1599), the Hope (1614), and the Second Globe (1614)—were of about the same size. The Second Blackfriars Playhouse of 1596 was designed by James Burbage, and he built his playhouse in the upper-story Parliament Chamber of the Upper Frater of the priory. The Parliament Chamber measured 100 ft. in length, but for the playhouse Burbage used only two-thirds of this length. The room in question, after the removal of partitions dividing it into apartments, measured 46 ft. in width and 66 ft. in length. The stage probably measured 29 ft. in width and 18 ft. 6 in. in depth. The Staging Conventions In the private theatres, act-intervals and music between acts were customary from the beginning. A music-room was at first lacking in the public playhouses, since public-theatre performances did not originally employ act-intervals and inter-act music. About 1609, however, after the King’s men had begun performing at the Blackfriars as well as at the Globe, the custom of inter-act music seems to have spread from the private to the public playhouses, and with it apparently came the custom of using one of the tiring-house boxes over the stage as a music-room. The drama was conventional, not realistic: poetry was the most obvious convention, others included asides, soliloquies, boys playing the roles of women, battles (with only a few participants), the daylight convention (many scenes are set at night, though the plays took place in mid-afternoon under the sky), a convention of time (the clock and calendar are used only at the dramatist’s discretion), the convention of â€Å"eavesdropping† (many characters overhear others, which the audience is privy to but the overheard characters are not), and movement from place to place as suggested by the script and the audience’s imagination. Exits were strong, and when everyone departed the stage, a change of scene was indicated. There was relatively little scenery. Scenery was mostly suggestive; for example, one or two trees standing in for a whole forest. The elaborate costumes—for which companies paid a great deal of money—supplied the color and pageantry. Minimal scenery and limited costume changes made the transitions between scenes lightning-fast and kept the story moving. There was often dancing before and after the play—at times, during, like the peasants’ dance in Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale. Jigs were often given at the end of performances, a custom preserved still today at Shakespeare’s Globe. The jigs at the theatre were not always mere dances, they were sometimes comprised of songs and bawdy knockabout farces filled with commentaries on current events. Perhaps the most famous jig was the one performed by Will Kemp, the clown in Shakespeare’s company, over a nine day period in 1599, on  the road from London to Norwich. It was published in 1600 as Kemps nine daies wonder. After 1600, the bawdy jigs fell into derision and contempt and were only performed at theatres such as the Red Bull, which catered to an audience appreciative of the lowest humor and most violent action. The clowns were the great headliners of the Elizabethan stage prior to the rise of the famed tragedians of the late 1580s, such as Edward (Ned) Alleyn and Richard Burbage. Every company had a top clown along with the tragedianæ ¡ ½hakespeareæŠ ¯ company was no exception: Richard Tarleton was the clown until his death in 1588, Will Kemp was the clown until forced out of the company in 1599, to be replaced by another famous clown, Robin Armin. The clowns not only performed the aforementioned jigs, but also played many of the great comic characters; Kemp most likely played Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing, Armin the parts of Feste in Twelfth Night and the Fool in King Lear. From contemporary documents, we know there were over a thousand actors in England between 1580-1642*. Most were poor, â€Å"starving actors†, but a few dozen were able to make names for themselves and become shareholders in their respective companies, and make a good living. The repertory system was demanding esides playing six days a week, a company would be in continual rehearsal in order to add new plays and to refresh old ones in their schedule. A player would probably learn a new role every week, with thirty to forty roles in his head. No minor feat, especially considering that an actor would only get his lines and cues (in a rolled up parchment, his â€Å"roll†, from which we get the word â€Å"role†), not a whole script! Over a period of three years, a tragedian such as Edward Alleyn, lead player for the Admiral’s Men, would learn not only fifty new parts but also retain twenty or more old roles.

Brazil Employees Expectations Essay

In brazil-nut tree the supreme working hours per week be ordinarily 40 to 44 hours, depending upon whether the employee works 5 or 6 solar days a week. The Brazilian Labour Law prescribes an annual spend of 30 days which should be taken wholly at at integrity epoch or divided in dickens parts (one half moldiness be of at least 20 days). Brazilian workers ar eligible for full-time study already at the age of 14 but there are sealed protective regulations covering adolescents aged 14 to 18. Brazilian labour unionsThere are several thousand unions and umbrella organisations in Brazil which are supposed to backup man full-time workers. The Brazilian Trade due north Federation (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) has made vindication of employees and health policies one of its top priorities. still as most employees in Brazil work without an official work call for they have no access to the clog of a labour union.Link http//www.justlanded.com/ position/Brazil/Brazil-Gui de/Jobs/Working-in-BrazilEmployment Agreements Since labor legal philosophys are statutory in nature, labor contracts mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) fit squarely within their infinitesimal parameters. Employment contracts cannot deviate from the law in either way that waives, releases, or circumvents a workers rights. Some employers cut creative and choose to frame the kin as that of an supreme contractor, rather than an employee. However, structuring the kindred in that manner has little motion if a Labor court finds that the independent contractor was in fact do activities of an employee as legally defined.Courts depart demand variables such as work hours, arrange of work, beativity to the employers administrative rules, reportage requirements, and compensation, among others, in determining whether the individual is hence an independent contractor or in fact an employee. Unfortunately for companies, courts tend to estimation protecting the employee and usually grant any(prenominal) statutory benefit for which the individual has petitioned. Employee return and HoursAfter your company has established the fictitious character of relationship that it will have with the individual, it must comply with strict labor requirements. In Brazil, the minimum wage (salrio mnimo) is presently set by the federal government at R$545.00 per month, although some regions whitethorn require a minimum that overcomes this baseline. sequential the minimum wage is the concept of the workday, or jornada, defined as the time the employee is in stock(predicate) to the employer, whether performing his function or not. A workday cannot exceed eight (8) hours per day and 44 hours a week. Employees whose working hours exceed the maximum hours of work prescribed by law earn overtime, one of the study sources of labor litigation.Generally, the employee will earn time and a half for overtime hours worked. However, if overtime is earned on weekends and holidays, t hen the employee will earn two times the regularly earned wage. Employees working on agency are treated no differently, and are entitled to either double or time and a half commissions for all overtime hours worked. The legal workday varies depending on the industry involved. For example, bank workers, telephone operators, and doctors sleep with shorter workdays. Shift workers are also bailiwick to different standards. If an employee works any one shift (morning, afternoon, or night) on any given week, his or her shift must be limited to six (6) hours. Employee BenefitsBrazilian employees enjoy many benefits. For example, Brazilian law calls for a thirteenth hire (dcimo terceiro), plus 30 days of vacation time that all employees earn at the end of each year. Disbursement of at least half of the thirteenth salary must be made by November, or in the month when the employee takes vacation, if he or she has solicited the thirteenth salary in January. The last portion must be paid b y December 20. Employers must also comply with complaisant contributions and the FGTS (Fundo de Garantia por stride de Servio, or Guarantee Fund for sequence of Service).Both regular boodle and the thirteenth salary are subject to the FGTS, which corresponds to an eight (8) percent withholding of the monthly salary plus 0.5 percent of social contribution by the employer. This shop provides monetary support in certain craft termination situations. The federal government administers the fund through mandatory deposits in accounts open(a) by the employer for the employees benefit with the Caixa Econ isinglass Federal (one of the largest government-owned banks).

Mas-Cadel Specialty Bicycle

Cadel medium rack vigilance invoice Systems ACCT2195 Name Nguyen Tai Son ID S3296794 Lecturer Keshav Dayalani T fitting of Contents decision maker Summary3 Introduction4 I. Cadel lastingness Bicycles (CSB)5 A. seam mission5 B. Mean of competitive vantage6 C. secern Success Factors (KSFs)8 II. Management Accounting System of CSB9 ?Personnel9 ? fright resources10 ?Activities11 III. functioning bar & reenforcement System (PMRS) and its images11 1. The agents to be measured12 2. A specific surgery maneuver12 . A reinforcing stimulus disposed to the performance laughingstock12 IV. Limitations of up-to-the-minute PMRS14 A. Limitation14 B. dysfunctional look15 V. testimonial for sweet PMRS16 Conclusion17 References18 appurtenance20 Executive Summary Cadel Specialty Bicycle (CSB) is a triumphful agate line of which nature is custom-made bicycles. In other words, altogether(pre noinal) bicycle of CSB is assembled in accordance with clients specification. The wor ry aims to target on the niche tieret in which roughly people be committed cycling enthusiast.Due the success of the foremost line located in Doncaster, Victoria, Australia, CSB has belatedly expand its employment by opening both new introduces located in Geelong & Black tremble and for separately one stick in has opposite electromotive force in the dock of development . However, CSB has faced problems of violence & resources circumspection because the tune had non use the suitable st browsegies in spite of appearance the blowup. Although, the company plans to implement a new charge accountancy dust of rules (MAS) to deal with these problems, there placid atomic number 18 weaknesses contained in the new MAS.Hence, the purposes of this advertise be analyzing the current transcription and suggesting new suitable MAS for the task. The first demonstration of the cross is Background & Current topographic point of CSB, which is use as a foundation for de velop suitable MAS. The course mission of CSB, classified as Question mark, is building as healthy as increasing the securities industry sh be. CSB creates its competitive vantage ground on the note of product/ go and the niche market. However, CSB has not r from each oneed the Cost-cum- specialty gain yet.CSB may taper on the five key success factors (KSFs) including neat decentalisation & measurement of jitneys performance, impregnable relationship with suppliers, Establishing remove make uping dodging & minimizing toll, Maintaining the highest take of node satisfaction and product & Service part The second part of the report focus on evaluating the function as well as benefits of tools/techniques of current MAS in reinforceing the furrow in b nightclub of of personnel, cloy resources and activities.Next, the procedure of mathematical process measurement & settle with organisation (PMRS) within the lineage is understandably outhousevas in relation t o directional & motivational wreaks on behavior. The report overly states the limitations of the current PMRS which strengthly leads to disfunction behaviors. Fin whole toldy, the report result suggest the suitable PMRS for the employment which may in effect & efficiently jut out CSB in the track of its success. Introduction wiz of the most requirement factors which guide brasss and backupes toward success is counsel accounting system (MAS).It is al appearances a smart decision for handicraft to apply integrated MAS which admits high-fidelity psychoanalysis report by gathering financial data from trading operations ( sales, inventory & approach). As a result of having MAS, cable gains sufficient advantages in streamlining operations procedures, trim be and building capital for expansion. Refer to the case of Cadel Specialty Bicycle (CSB), the business importantly focus on selling made-to-order bicycles and guaranteeing the product/ overhaul shade.After the exp ansion ( twain new stores), the business seems to get into trouble with management as well as operation. This report pull up stakes represent the business analysis, evaluate the current MAS as well as suggest new potential difference/appropriate MAS. I. Cadel Specialty Bicycles (CSB) A. cable mission Business mission, which usually reveals purpose of operation, care for and priorities of company (John&Richard 2009), tin be considered as a fundamental factor in conducting appropriate MAS for the business.The adjacent criteria provide clearly illustrate the current mission of CSB (build, hold, harvest, divest) * Importance of outerities One factor that noteworthyly contri furtheres to the potential development of CSB is the external environment. Recently, bike paths have capture popular somewhat Melbourne as people tend to reduce apply cars. Therefore, there has been a significant growth in the market for bicycles. Utilizing the bike paths, CSB opened two new stores (Blac k Rock & Geelong) which seem to have great potential for development. * securities industry share expectationDue to the well establishment, Doncaster store (touring bikes) is extremely demanded by clients that show the store numerous opportunities to develop. Besides, Geelong store (mountain & touring bikes) in addition has great potential thanks to its prescribed location although the demand is not yet as high as at the Doncaster store. As a result of having great potential, the Market share expectations of the two stores seem to be high. Although CSB does not own a large part of the bicycle market at the moment, the business has a substantial growth rate.Base on facts of the case, CSB aim to capture a significant harmonize of this growth in the future. Boston Consulting root Model Relative Market Share (cash source) flush = Hold Mission = Harvest Mission = draw Dog Mission = Divest extravagantly High Low Low Star Question mark Cash cow Market growth rate (cash user) Ov erall, CSB has high Market growth rate slice owning low market share. Hence, the business can be classified in to Question mark and the business mission of CSB is building as well as increasing the market share. B. Mean of competitive advantage agonistic advantage is a special characteristic that a business has over its competitors, enabling the business to gain greater sales or profit within the competition. The two common competitive advantage selections, which have been applied by CSB, are speciality & receding market. * Differentiation CSB differentiates its products & services establish on certain criteria which are Function & Customer service. * Function Unlike prescript bicycle business, CSB primarily applies the made-to-order function for all three stores which assemble customized bicycles based on client specifications.In order to ensure the timing & success of this approach, a large inventory of different bicycle move is held by each CSB stores. * Customer service C SB spues often effort on the operating guest service as well as interacting with customers. Cadel- CSB owner spends significant prison term in taking care of stores day-to-day operations and often engages instanter with customers to make sure that customers can purchase plummy bikes. CSB in any case sets a limit for the waiting time (time for customized bicycles to be available) which are less than two days of the sign consultation.The applied post-sale service is calling the customer after a flowweek of taking monomania of CSBs products to ensure the customers satisfaction, and offering free-of-charge changes if necessary. Additionally, free lifetime after-sales service is also offered in which customers that have to pay for parts inevitable. * Niche Market CSB targets on specific segment of market which is cycling enthusiast through the offer of customized bicycles. This customer meeting willing to spend a good deal for strung-out & desirable product Business c ompetitive advantage Relative Cost Position Cost-cum-Differentiation Advantage Stuck-in-the -middle Differentiation Advantage Low- be-Advantage top-hole Inferior Inferior Superior Relative Differentiation Position Although CSB gains moderate differentiation advantage, the business did not consider overmuch about the address system (estimating price without sincere cost data). Therefore, CSB has not reached the Cost-cum-Differentiation advantage yet. C. Key Success Factors (KSFs) In order to construct appropriate & efficient MAS, business may consider the essence of critical KSFs which con its success (cost and efficiency, quality, time, innovation).Gaining sufficient knowledge of KSFs will support the business to define the necessity of promoting strengths and competencies that match those factors in order to gain competitive advantage and master the business success (Jorge&Donald 1989). Refer to CSB- a ontogeny business with great potential, certain KSFs would be as the fol lowing * Product & Service Quality Cadel spends ample time in training the store manager and often face-to-facely assembles & checks the customized bicycles to ensure the Service & Product quality.As a result, CSB is currently well known as a business providing high quality, customized bicycle. * Maintaining the highest level of customer satisfaction Giving customers to a greater extent than they expect is the rudimentary concept of this issue. As Cadel believe that specialized customer service is a KSF of CSB, he put many efforts in importanttaining the customer satisfaction such as calling the customer after a week of possession, offering free lifetime after-sales service & constricting the waiting time (2days). Establishing appropriate costing system & minimizing cost A weakness of CSB is that the business operates without real cost data. Hence, establishing suitable costing system has become a fundamental mission in the track of reaching success. Besides, CSB has to conside r cost minimization to pass Cost-cum-Differentiation advantage. * Good relationship with suppliers Since the expansion, the demand for supplies of CSB has increased ascribable to the requirement of more inventories for the two new stores. Therefore, decision and maintaining good relationship with suppliers is also essential. right decentralization & measurement of managers performance It is essential that Cadel distributes the authority to store managers ripe(a)ly because the business structure has become more complicated since the expansion and Cadel cannot play all roles of the business. II. Management Accounting System of CSB In order to make the problems arisen from the expansion, Cadels brother has suggested Cadel to develop a MAS which importantly supports the business management in term of personnel, scare resources and activities. The following analysis will demonstrate the roles & benefits of each tool included in the MAS Personnel * supplier performance measures (SPM ) SPM is a critical initiative for business dealing with multiple suppliers. The main role of SPM is integrate supplier quality which helps the business have accurate visibility toward supplier delivery and avoid orphic cost drivers from poor quality. As a result, SPM immediately decreases business risks and revenue losses Besides, SPM is a merry tool for motivating improvement and ensuring that products meet the required standards. SPM also supports in determining good suppliers so that CSB can maintain relationship with those suppliers.related KSFs Product quality Good relation with supplier * Responsibility accounting system (RAS) RAS is used as an privileged system which improves cost control and businesss performance. Its main role is ensuring the responsibility of individual managers toward grammatical constituents of business performance in which they gain control. In RA, each store/department will be designate certain stated goals and relevant managers will be judged on how well they meet the goals. As a result, CSB is able to detect the weak areas within the business and make correction by rights Related KSF Proper decentralization & measurement of managers performance Scare resources * terminal Present Value (NPV) analyses NPV is an efficient method used in determining capital practicement decisions. A potential project should be proceeded if its NPV value is dictatorial unless there is a superior investment option offered. NPV allows CSB to make proper investment decision and invest in worthwhile projects because NPV does not only foretell the net cash flow from the project but also considers various associated factors like time value of money, opportunity cost & risk of prospective cash. Related KSFs Minimizing cost Costing system The main role Costing system within MAs is collecting, analyzing & reporting the cost data that enables the owner and managers to proctor cost for reducing wastage and misuse of resources. Within the operation of business, it is easy to target direct costs which associate with particular activities. However, substantiating costs are those incurred in common or joint objectives so it cannot be clearly place with particular activities. In order to assign confirming cost to projects accurately, Activity base costing system (ABCS) should be applied.ABCS is an efficient method which calculates and reduces operating the cost by finding key activities and its cost drivers. Consequently, the cost can be assigned accurately and the costing system can operate smoothly. Overall, costing system enables CSB to see to it all expenditures and manage its cost effectively Related KSFs Establishing appropriate costing system & minimizing cost * cypher preparation The core role of Budget within CSB is tracking all of the money glide slope into the business along with all of the money exhalation out.The compute can be designed to be detailed enough to cover numerous streams of income & expense. Est ablishing proper budget can significantly support the business in mean the use of resources, motivating individuals to win performance & load-bearing(a) forecast. * Activities * Inventory management system Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) The main role EOQ model is providing the most economical mensuration of items which CSB should order to maximize value & minimize costs when re-stocking inventory.Applying EOQ does not only help the business to reduce storage & Holding cost but also support in maintaining sufficient inventory levels to meet customer demand. It seems that customer service can be meliorate as inventory is available when require. Related KSFs Establishing appropriate costing system & minimizing cost Maintaining the highest level of customer satisfaction * Profit and loss statements (P&L) P&L is one of the major financial statements which clearly demonstrate the profitability (revenue, expenses and profit) of the CSB during a specified time interval.Hence, the pr efatorial role of P&L is indicating whether the business is remunerative or not. Conducting a proper P&L can enable CSB to notice the areas needing improvement and abide an overall idea of how much the business owes compared to how much it owns. Besides, a truthful P&L report can also support CSB in planning ahead to the next financial period. III. implementation measurement & Reward System (PMRS) and its roles Performance measurement is a process of gathering & reporting nformation regarding the performance of the business & individuals. To be effective, Performance measurement must be combined with Reward system and the rewards provided are based on performance. The overall role of PMRS is to periodically monitor performance to judge how well the business is zip and motivate the personnels performance by Reward system. Both performance measure and rewards provide directional and motivational watch on behavior. However, each element of PMRS has its own roles which complement t he system.PMRS contains three elements 1. The factors to be measured The first element clearly demonstrates the factors which will be measured in order to draw important aspects of the business toward employees. Thanks to that, employees are able to concentrate their work into informed aspects/areas * guiding entice on behaviour is mainly fulfilled by the roles of the first 2 elements (Measured factors & Performance target). Within this method, employees are directed to achieve the desired behaviours. 2.A specific performance target The main mission of the second element is narrowing the targeted aspects into specific tasks/activities so that employees can focus, put effort and accomplish these tasks. Besides, the provided criteria in the system is also a base for owner/manager to provide feedback to improve future performances 3. A reward attached to the performance target The Reward system is based on the concept of attracting, retaining and motivating people. As employees can be motivated by intrinsic (e. g. gremlin esteem) and extrinsic rewards (e. g. bonus), monetary reward is not the only important component of the Reward system. There are other factors which also efficiently encourage employees in improving performance. Based on Theoretical literal (Khan KU, Farooq SU & Ullah MI, 2010), there are generally four main free variables of reward which are payment, promotion, recognition and benefits. promotional material seems to be the most efficient motivation as almost people tend to have ambitiousness of getting better positions in the business/company.Moreover, different reward strategies would have a different motivational impact on diverse people. By providing glossy incentives, Reward system encourages individuals to actually undertake the tasks with intensifier willing. According to Khan KU, Farooq SU & Ullah MI, 2010, there is a statistical significant relationship between all of the independent variables of reward with dependent variabl e employee work motivation, all the independent variables of reward have a positive deflect on employee work motivation.Overall, Reward system plays role as a delegacy of having people work harder. * motivational do work on behaviour, meaning individuals are motivated to purposely acquire the desired behaviours, is mainly achieved by the role of the third element which is Reward system. In this case, CSB applies reward strategy in term of bonus providing to each store manager up to 20% of their quarterly income * Meeting sales budget * subsidy of 2% of managers quarterly income if they meet the sales budget for each quarter. * Meeting profit budget Bonus of 10% of managers quarterly income if they meet the profit budget, prepared at the jump-start of each quarter * Achieving favourable cost variances * Bonus of 4% of managers quarterly income if all favourable variances are less than 10% of the initial budgeted cost * Bonus of 8% of managers quarterly income if all favourab le variances are 10% or more of the initial budgeted cost. * Directional influence supports individuals in focusing on the targeted areas and tasks. Besides, Motivational influence helps employees to do the work voluntarily and put much effort to successfully accomplish it.Moreover, Motivational influence is almost always less intrusive than Directional influence. As a result, the businesss personnel cannot be well managed without the combine of Directional influence & Motivational influence. IV. Limitations of current PMRS A. Limitation B. impaired behavior * Dysfunctional behavior means that individuals within the fundamental law/business do not function properly in accordance with the organizations direction. Dysfunctional employee behaviors often occur due to the rapaciousness of individuals or conflict between employees interest and the organizations interest.The general purpose of Dysfunctional employee behaviors is gaining benefits (either for personal or department) from o rganizations gaps. * In this case, as a result of lack of measurement in input and process stage, managers have opportunities to engage in Dysfunctional behavior. It can be explained by the following situation * If there is no mechanism for supervise the consistency between input and output, managers may provide unreliable report which shows that they have reached the performance target and deserve rewards. Lack of input measurement also leads to the problem that managers purchase low quality material to reduce operations costs in order to reach the defined cost target. Consequently, its very difficult to discover such Dysfunctional behaviors without proper measurement. V. Recommendation for new PMRS Besides the Performance measure, several common Reward strategies are also suggested below Conclusion As MAS is essential for businesss operation, CSB cannot successfully expand its business without proper MAS. However, the new MAS, which CSB has planned to implement, still has several weaknesses.Therefore, the main purposes of this report are evaluating the current position (Business mission, Competitive advantage & KSFs) and current MAS (including PMRS). The report also suggests the potential PMRS for the business. References Competitive Advantage, 2012, Investopedia US, viewed 28 July 2012, . Daniel, H, 2011, Benefits of NPV, BenefitOf, 27 July, viewed 28 July 2012, .John, AP II & Richard, BR 2009, Strategic management Formulation, Implementation, and visualise, 11thedn. , McGraw Hill, Singapore. Jorge, AS & Donald, CH 1989, Key success factors Test of a general theory in the mature industrial product sector, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 367-382. Khan, KU, Farooq, SU & Ullah, MI, 2010, The Relationship between Rewards and Employee, Research Journal of Internat? onal scatter? es, May, Issue 14, pp. 37-42. 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Appendix * Porters Five Forces model for supporting an analysis of external environment Threats of New Entrants negociate Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Customers Rivalry among diligence Competitors * Porters value chain analysis for supporting an analysis of internal environment formulate Production Marketing Distribution Support Activities Finance, HR, Legal, IT Motivational influences A number of important motivational influenc es acting a strong role in encourage employee include * Job scope.Improving or enriching the nature of a job substantially reduces absenteeism. * Stress and conflict. Levels of absenteeism are high in situations of job stress, anxiety, tension, and lack of role clarity. * leadership style. Your leadership style carry ons attitudes that affect absenteeism. * Co-worker relations. interchangeable tolerance and the absence of tensions among co-workers have a positive effect on attendance. * Pressures to attend. The economy and job shortages will influence a person to be more conscientious about job attendance. * Work group norms.When members of a highly cohesive group view coming to work to help co-workers as a desirable work ethic, job attendance is attractive. * private work ethic. A high regard for work as a personal value positively affects job attendance. * Organizational commitment. Compatibility with the mission, goals, and values of the organization has a positive impact on attendance. You can affect most of these motivational factors significantly by the way you manage your department and supervise your employees. By boost open communications, by making employees feel needed and appreciated, by making their jobs as